In the 13th century, a Spanish manuscript called Libro de los Juegos described the games of shatranj (chess), backgammon, and dice. By the year 1000, it had spread all across Europe.
Muslim traders carried the game to Russia and Western Europe. When Persia was taken over by Muslims (633–644) the game spread to all parts of the Muslim world. The game was known as chatrang or shatranj. The earliest written evidence of chess is found in three romances (epic stories) written in Sassanid Persia around 600 AD. The English words chess and check both come from the Persian word shāh meaning king. Over time, these pieces became the pawn, knight, bishop, and rook. The Gupta chess pieces were divided, like their military, into the infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariots. This early type of chess was known as Chaturanga, a Sanskrit word for the military. Most historians agree that the game of chess was first played in northern India during the Gupta Empire in the 6th century AD. Sofonisba Anguissola and her sisters are depicted in The Chess Game, 1555. It is enjoyed in many countries, and is a national hobby in Russia. Ĭhess is popular and is often played in competitions called chess tournaments. Because of this, White has a small advantage, and wins more often than Black in tournament games.
The player with white pieces always makes the first move. There are rules about how pieces move, and about taking the opponent's pieces off the board. One player ('White') has pieces of a light color the other player ('Black') has pieces of a dark color. ĭuring the game, the two opponents take turns to move one of their pieces to a different square of the board. Checkmate is a threat ('check') to the opposing king which no move can stop. The goal of the game is for each player to try and checkmate the king of the opponent. Each player starts with sixteen pieces: eight pawns, two knights, two bishops, two rooks, one queen and one king. It is played on a square board, made up of 64 smaller squares, with eight squares in each row and column. Libro de los juegos, Alfonso X of Castile, showing a Muslim playing a Christian.Ĭhess is a board game for two players.
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